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Drug Interactions with Azithromycin in Dogs & Cats (Respiratory Infections)

  Drug Interactions with Azithromycin in Dogs & Cats (Respiratory Infections) ✅ Synergistic Azithromycin + Beta‑lactams (e.g., amoxicillin) Combining a bacteriostatic macrolide with a bactericidal beta‑lactam provides complementary mechanisms of action and broader bacterial coverage, making this combination synergistic in mixed respiratory infections. [msdvetmanual.com] Azithromycin + Atovaquone (in dogs/cats for Babesia) These drugs are frequently used together, especially in canine babesiosis, due to complementary effects targeting different pathogen stages. [wedgewood.com] , [veterinary...er.vin.com] ➕ Additive QT‑prolonging agents (fluoroquinolones like enrofloxacin/pradofloxacin, antiarrhythmics such as sotalol, ondansetron) Concurrent use with azithromycin increases the risk of QT prolongation, leading to additive cardiac effects. [marvistavet.com] , [wedgewood.com] , [merckvetmanual.com] NSAIDs Co-administration (e.g., with carprofen, meloxicam) may inc...
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Phases of Anesthesia and Isoflurane Concentration

  Phases of Anesthesia and Isoflurane Concentration Phase of Anesthesia Dog Cat Notes Induction 3% – 5% 3% – 5% Administered with high oxygen flow to rapidly achieve unconsciousness after sedation. Commonly delivered via mask during induction, especially in cats. Maintenance 1.5% – 2.5% 1.5% – 2.5% Once the patient is stable and intubated, reduce to the lowest effective concentration to maintain surgical anesthesia. Dog Parameter Normal Range Temperature 100.5–102.5 °F (38.1–39.2 °C) Heart Rate Puppies: 120–160 bpm Small: 100–140 bpm Medium: 80–120 bpm Large: 60–100 bpm Respiratory Rate 10–30 breaths/min Blood Pressure Systolic: 110–160 mmHg Diastolic: 60–90 mmHg MAP: 85–120 mmHg SpO₂ 95–100% 🐱 Cat Parameter Normal Range Temperature 100.5–102.5 °F (38.1–39.2 °C) Heart Rate 140–220 bpm Respiratory Rate 20–30 breaths/min Blood Pressure Systolic: 120–170 mmHg Diastolic: 70–120 mmHg MAP: ~100 mmHg SpO₂ 1. Synergistic Combinations...
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The General Linear Model (GLM)

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  The Common Foundation: The General Linear Model (GLM) First, it's crucial to understand that ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANOVA are all part of the same family: the  General Linear Model (GLM) . They all test for differences between group means, but they differ in the number and type of variables they can handle. Independent Variable(s):  The grouping variable(s) (e.g., drug type, breed, diet). These are categorical (factors). Dependent Variable(s):  The outcome you are measuring (e.g., weight gain, blood cell count, enzyme level). These are continuous. 1. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) What it is:  ANOVA is used to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between the means of  three or more independent groups  based on  one continuous dependent variable . When to use it: You have  one  categorical independent variable (factor) with  three or more levels . You have  one  continuous dependent variable. You wa...
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