Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

 

1. What is Arizona-Salmonella arizonae?











Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae (commonly referred to as Salmonella arizonae) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is known for causing infections primarily in reptiles, birds, and occasionally humans1.

2. Transmission of Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella arizonae can be transmitted through:

3. Epidemiology of Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella arizonae infections are relatively rare in humans but have been reported in various regions, including the southwestern United States and Taiwan. The majority of human infections have been linked to the use of rattlesnake-based products1. The bacterium is also found in reptiles, with a significant percentage of snakes harboring the organism1.

4. Pathology, Disease, and Infection Caused by Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella arizonae can cause a range of infections, including:

5. Laboratory Tests for Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

6. List of Specimen Types for Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

  • Blood
  • Pleural effusion
  • Ascites
  • Urine
  • Sputum
  • Stool
  • Pus
  • Bone1

7. List of Specimen Collection Sites for Arizona-Salmonella arizonae Isolation

  • Blood samples
  • Respiratory tract samples (sputum)
  • Gastrointestinal tract samples (stool)
  • Urinary tract samples (urine)
  • Wound swabs (pus)
  • Bone marrow1

8. Colony Morphology of Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

  • Edge: Entire
  • Elevation: Raised
  • Surface: Smooth
  • Size: Medium
  • Form: Circular
  • Opacity: Opaque
  • Colour: Pale or colorless
  • Consistency: Moist
  • Effect on the media: No significant effect
  • Pigment: Non-pigmented1






9. Treatment Guidelines for Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella arizonae infections are treated similarly to other Salmonella infections. Here are the general guidelines:

  1. Antibiotic Therapy:

    • First-line antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin are commonly used.
    • Alternative antibiotics: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin may be used based on susceptibility testing.

  2. Supportive Care:

    • Hydration: Oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, especially in severe cases of gastroenteritis.
    • Electrolyte management: Monitoring and correcting electrolyte imbalances.

  3. Management of Complications:

    • Bacteremia: Requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, typically 2-4 weeks.
    • Localized infections: Drainage of abscesses or surgical intervention may be necessary in cases of osteomyelitis or other focal infections.

  4. Prevention and Control:

    • Hygiene: Proper handwashing and food handling practices to prevent transmission.
    • Avoiding high-risk foods: Particularly important for immunocompromised individuals.

  5. Monitoring and Follow-up:

    • Regular follow-up: To ensure resolution of infection and to monitor for any potential complications.
    • Repeat cultures: May be necessary to confirm eradication of the bacteria in severe or persistent cases.



10. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) for Arizona-Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella arizonae is tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using standard methods such as the disk diffusion method, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Here are the key points:

  1. Commonly Tested Antibiotics:
    • Chloramphenicol
    • Ciprofloxacin
    • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
    • Ampicillin
    • Ceftriaxone1
  2. Testing Methods:
  3. Interpretation of Results:
  4. Empirical vs. Definitive Therapy:

If you need more detailed information or have any other questions, feel free to ask!

1: BMC Infectious Diseases 2: Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3: CLSI Guidelines

Learn more

1 bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com2 journals.asm.org3 clsi.org4doi.org

3of5


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

  For bacteriology testing aimed at identifying and conducting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) for GLASS (Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System) priority pathogens , various reagents and supplies are typically required. Here's a list of essential reagents for such testing: 1. Culture Media: Nutrient Agar : For general cultivation of bacteria. Blood Agar : For growing fastidious organisms and detecting hemolytic activity. MacConkey Agar : For selective isolation of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae. Mannitol Salt Agar : For the selective isolation of Staphylococcus aureus . Chocolate Agar : Enriched medium for fastidious organisms like Haemophilus and Neisseria species. Cetrimide Agar : For selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . XLD Agar (Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate) : For selective isolation of Salmonella and Shigella . 2. Gram Staining Reagents: ...
Read more

Citrobacter freundii

Image
1. What is Citrobacter freundii? Citrobacter freundii  is a species of facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is rod-shaped and typically measures 1-5 μm in length.  This bacterium is commonly found in soil, water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans 1 2 . 2. Transmission of Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii  can be transmitted through: Direct contact : With contaminated surfaces or materials. Ingestion : Of contaminated food or water. Nosocomial transmission : In healthcare settings, particularly affecting immunocompromised patients 2 . 3. Epidemiology of Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii  is widely distributed in the environment and is a common component of the gut flora.  It is considered an opportunistic pathogen, primarily causing infections in immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and those with prolonged hospital stay...
Read more

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (ρ)

Image
 Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (ρ) Definition: Spearmans' rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric measure of the correlation between two variables that examines the relationship between their rankings, rather than their actual values. Formula: $$ρ = \frac{\sum{i=1}^{n} (ri - si)^2}{\sum{i=1}^{n} (ri^2 + si^2 - 1)}$$ where:  n is the number of paired observations  ri is the rank of the i-th observation in the first variable  si is the rank of the i-th observation in the second variable Interpretation:  -1 ≤ ρ ≤ 1  ρ = 1: Perfect positive correlation (rankings of both variables are exactly the same)  ρ = -1: Perfect negative correlation (rankings of the variables are exactly opposite)  ρ = 0: No correlation (no relationship between the rankings) Assumptions:  The data should be ordinal, i.e., their values represent ranks or positions.  The relationship between the variables should be monotonic, i.e., as one variable incr...
Read more